From crystal engineering to civilisational imagination

From crystal engineering to civilisational imagination

Gautam R. Desiraju

I am a scientist specialising in a new and important field of crystal engineering, which focuses on understanding how to construct and manipulate crystalline structures at the molecular level. Many people have expressed curiosity about how someone like me, immersed in the intricacies of chemistry, has ventured into writing about the re-imagination of Bhārat as a civilizational state. In my latest work, “India: Science, Politics, and Geostrategy – A 30-Year Thought Journey,” I aim to explore this intersection and provide readers with a deeper understanding of how the principles of scientific inquiry can inform and enrich our perspective on Bhārat.

I have framed the molecular crystal not merely as a static arrangement of atoms, but as a complex system emerging from a sophisticated "structural landscape." In an alchemy of interactions, I have argued that crystal formation is a delicate balancing. Unlike simple ionic crystals, molecular crystals rely on a hierarchy of interactions. Robust features, such as conventional hydrogen bonds, act as primary "design elements," while weaker ones define more subtle structural forces. In the limit, many weak interactions may subdue a few strong interactions. These interactions exhibit distinct angular preferences and varying strengths. During crystallisation, these interactions do not act in isolation; they compete and cooperate simultaneously. This "interplay" means that the path to the final structure is often kinetically controlled. This means that what is formed fastest is preferred over what is best.

The result is a crystal—a supramolecular entity where the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. By identifying these recurring patterns (which I termed supramolecular synthons), I conclude that the crystal is the ultimate manifestation of molecular recognition, where numerous variables converge to produce a specific, organised functional material.

Moving to a sociological analogy, let's consider a simple yet revealing example: imagine a conversation unfolding between two individuals. The dynamic of their discussion is rooted in their mutual understanding and relationship. When a third person enters the exchange, the interaction shifts. Their conversation will evolve based on the evolving relationships and the contextual influences each participant brings. If we add a fourth person into the mix, the complexities multiply, as the interactions among all involved will continue to change and adapt. This scenario serves as a vivid illustration of a complex system—a framework in which collective behaviour is not merely the sum of individual actions but emerges from the intricate interplay among its components.

In chemistry, crystals exemplify this phenomenon beautifully. Crystals are formed from molecules that interact with one another in distinctly different ways depending on their quantity. For instance, two molecules might behave in a certain manner when they interact, but when a third molecule is introduced, their interactions change. Add a fourth, and the way these molecules interact continues to evolve. This behaviour—where the whole system exhibits characteristics that cannot be understood solely from its individual parts—defines the essence of a complex system.

Now, let’s turn our focus to Bhārat, a compelling illustration of a multifaceted complex system. Bhārat is a vast and diverse land, enriched with a plethora of languages, ethnicities, religions, and cultural practices. Each of these elements contributes to a rich tapestry that characterises our nation. Consider the sheer variety: over a thousand languages are spoken across the subcontinent, reflecting diverse cultural heritages and traditions. Numerous ethnic groups and faiths coexist, each adding layers of complexity to the social fabric. Our culinary landscape is equally diverse, with regional specialities ranging from idlis and masala dosas in the South to rajma chawal in the North, showcasing the culinary artistry that varies by both geography and culture.

This fascinating diversity within Bhārat gives rise to dynamic interactions that constantly evolve in response to historical context and cultural exchanges. For example, I can enjoy idli and masala dosa in Dehradun, yet the experience differs from savouring rajma chawal in Mysuru, reflecting regional variations but underlining a shared national identity.

Thus, Bhārat serves as a quintessential example of a complex system in action. For someone like me, who has dedicated a career to studying these intricate systems, it feels entirely natural to apply the principles and insights gained from crystal engineering to analyse and appreciate the complexities of my homeland. Bharat is not merely a country to me; it is a living, breathing example of social, cultural, and historical complexity, offering endless opportunities for exploration and understanding. Through this lens, I hope to engage readers and invite them to appreciate the depths of our civilizational heritage.