Agriculture of Bihar faces comprehensive challenges that originate both from within the system and also from outside. The Low level of productivity across all the enterprises, crop, horticulture, milk, meat, egg and fishes has traditionally described the state agriculture. The low level of productivity has consequential effects on low income and high poverty of its population. The study is based on primary data collected from 528 farming households through a field study in forty selected villages from the each agro- climatic zones (one district from each zone i.e., four districts) of the state of Bihar. This book reveals several issue related to economic wellbeing of households such as income, consumption expenditure, productive assets, indebtedness, farming practices and performances, resources availability of farming households among the different categories of farmers in Rural Bihar. It highlights the miserable failure of the credit institutions and the numerous government organizations in fulfilling their assigned task for the farming sector. It also reveals that the socio-economic conditions of most of the landless, marginal and small farmers are miserable, Illiteracy, low level of skill, running at a loss and smaller size of holdings low level of income, higher frequency of poverty and indebtedness and lack of awareness are the main factors leading to their lower standard of livings.